The Intimate Frontier

Friendship and Civil Society in Northern New Spain

By Ignacio Martínez

The University of Arizona Press

For millennia friendships have framed the most intimate and public contours of our everyday lives. In this book, Ignacio Martínez tells the multilayered story of how the ideals, logic, rhetoric, and emotions of friendship helped structure an early yet remarkably nuanced, fragile, and sporadic form of civil society (societas civilis) at the furthest edges of the Spanish Empire.

Spaniards living in the isolated borderlands region of colonial Sonora were keen to develop an ideologically relevant and socially acceptable form of friendship with Indigenous people that could act as a functional substitute for civil law and governance, thereby regulating Native behavior. But as frontier society grew in complexity and sophistication, Indigenous and mixed-raced people also used the language of friendship and the performance of emotion for their respective purposes, in the process becoming skilled negotiators to meet their own best interests.

In northern New Spain, friendships were sincere and authentic when they had to be and cunningly malleable when the circumstances demanded it. The tenuous origins of civil society thus developed within this highly contentious social laboratory in which friendships (authentic and feigned) set the social and ideological parameters for conflict and cooperation. Far from the coffee houses of Restoration London or the lecture halls of the Republic of Letters, the civil society illuminated by Martínez stumbled forward amid the ambiguities and contradictions of colonialism and the obstacles posed by the isolation and violence of the Sonoran Desert.

'Martínez’s work is a welcome addition to the expanding scholarship on the history of emotions and sentimentality that will cause historians to look beyond the context of British North America to consider how friendship developed and functioned across time and space within the Atlantic World.'—Rachel Engl, New Mexico Historical Review

‘In this pathbreaking book, Ignacio Martínez explores the history of northern New Spain through the lens of friendship.’—Sonya Lipsett-Rivera, coeditor of Emotions and Daily Life in Colonial Mexico

‘An innovative scholarly contribution not only to the literature on borderlands and frontier societies but also to the growing literature on emotions and colonial domination in Mexico and Latin America.’—Javier Villa-Flores, author of Dangerous Speech: A Social History of Blasphemy in Colonial Mexico

‘Ignacio Martínez’s work is a must-read for scholars of the borderlands who should consider the range of ways that individuals created their communities and lived with others in civil society.’—Amy M. Porter, author of Their Lives, Their Wills:
Women in the Borderlands, 1750–1846

Ignacio Martínez is an assistant professor at the University of Texas at El Paso. His scholarly interests include the Atlantic World, the social and intellectual history of colonial Mexico, the Spanish borderlands, and the history of emotions.

Acknowledgments

Introduction
1. An Ideal Friendship: Classical Interpretations and Everyday Reality
2. Civilizing the Frontier: Soldiers, Missionaries, and Indios Amigos
3. The Many Faces of Betrayal: Kino and the Coded World of Friendship
4. Internal Enemies: False Friendship and the Collapse of Moral Order
5. The Paradox of Friendship: Violence and the Ambiguities of Social Inequality
Conclusion

Notes
Index

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