Undermining Race
Ethnic Identities in Arizona Copper Camps, 1880–1920
The University of Arizona Press
Undermining Race rewrites the history of race, immigration, and labor in the copper industry in Arizona. The book focuses on the case of Italian immigrants in their relationships with Anglo, Mexican, and Spanish miners (and at times with blacks, Asian Americans, and Native Americans), requiring a reinterpretation of the way race was formed and figured across place and time.
Phylis Martinelli argues that the case of Italians in Arizona provides insight into “in between” racial and ethnic categories, demonstrating that the categorizing of Italians varied from camp to camp depending on local conditions—such as management practices in structuring labor markets and workers’ housing, and the choices made by immigrants in forging communities of language and mutual support. Italians—even light-skinned northern Italians—were not considered completely “white” in Arizona at this historical moment, yet neither were they consistently racialized as non-white, and tactics used to control them ranged from micro to macro level violence.
To make her argument, Martinelli looks closely at two “white camps” in Globe and Bisbee and at the Mexican camp of Clifton-Morenci. Comparing and contrasting the placement of Italians in these three camps shows how the usual binary system of race relations became complicated, which in turn affected the existing race-based labor hierarchy, especially during strikes. The book provides additional case studies to argue that the biracial stratification system in the United States was in fact triracial at times. According to Martinelli, this system determined the nature of the associations among laborers as well as the way Americans came to construct “whiteness.”
Phylis Martinelli argues that the case of Italians in Arizona provides insight into “in between” racial and ethnic categories, demonstrating that the categorizing of Italians varied from camp to camp depending on local conditions—such as management practices in structuring labor markets and workers’ housing, and the choices made by immigrants in forging communities of language and mutual support. Italians—even light-skinned northern Italians—were not considered completely “white” in Arizona at this historical moment, yet neither were they consistently racialized as non-white, and tactics used to control them ranged from micro to macro level violence.
To make her argument, Martinelli looks closely at two “white camps” in Globe and Bisbee and at the Mexican camp of Clifton-Morenci. Comparing and contrasting the placement of Italians in these three camps shows how the usual binary system of race relations became complicated, which in turn affected the existing race-based labor hierarchy, especially during strikes. The book provides additional case studies to argue that the biracial stratification system in the United States was in fact triracial at times. According to Martinelli, this system determined the nature of the associations among laborers as well as the way Americans came to construct “whiteness.”
Phylis Cancilla Martinelli is a professor of sociology at St. Mary’s College of California. She co-edited the book Mexican American Ethnic Identity: An Interdisciplinary Approach and contributed to the books Italian Immigrants Go West: The Impact of Locale on Ethnicity, California’s Social Problems, and Italian Americans: A Retrospective on the Twentieth Century.
Preface and Acknowledgments
Introduction: Social Change in the West
1 Arizona’s Economic and Social Development: Courting Copper
2 The Arizona Tango: The Arrival of EuroLatins—Italians and Spaniards
3 Encountering the Sting of Racism: Micro- and Macro-Level Violence
4 What’s in a Name? Wop Alley or Canyon of Salé?
5 Bisbee: The Whitest White Camp
6 The Latin Camp: The Clifton-Morenci-Metcalf District
7 Conclusion
Notes
Bibliography
Index
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