Secular Missionaries
256 pages, 6 x 9
Hardcover
Release Date:15 Jan 2010
ISBN:9781558497344
Secular Missionaries
Americans and African Development in the 1960s
By Larry Grubbs
University of Massachusetts Press
In 1961, as President John F. Kennedy proclaimed the beginning of a "Decade of Development," the United States embarked on its first coherent "Africa" policy. Guided by the precepts of modernization theory, American policymakers, diplomats, academics, and Peace Corps volunteers were dispatched to promote economic growth and nation-building among the newly independent countries of sub-Saharan Africa. At the outset, Larry Grubbs shows, many of these" secular missionaries" were no less sanguine about their prospects for success than were their Christian predecessors a century earlier. But before long their optimism gave way to disillusionment, as rosy forecasts of sustained development collided with African political realities and colonial economies based on single-commodity exports subject to global price fluctuations. In this book, Grubbs presents a cultural history of this ill-fated American campaign to modernize Africa during its first decade of independence. Drawing on government documents and contemporary press accounts as well as an extensive body of scholarship on U.S.-Africa relations, he exposes the contradictions at the core of a self-serving idealism that promised to "win" the continent of Africa for the West in the context of the Cold War. While many Americans working in Africa considered themselves opponents of ethnocentrism, the modernization goals they served carried an ingrained, if unacknowledged, cultural and ideological sense of superiority and faith in American exceptionalism. Similarly, persistent myths about African backwardness and primitiveness continued to afflict U.S. policy, despite official pronouncements of confidence in the transformative power of Western expertise and can-do pragmatism in bringing African societies into the modern world. If the assumptions underlying U.S. policy toward Africa during the 1960s were simply relics of outmoded Cold War orthodoxies, that would be one thing. Unfortunately, Grubbs concludes, many of the same ideas imbue contemporary discussions of the ongoing "crisis" in Africa, from the campaigns to "Save Darfur" and stop the spread of AIDS to efforts to eliminate "blood diamonds" and forgive African debts.
A timely study that persuasively assesses U.S. development policy and ideology in the context of cultural constructions of Africa reminiscent of nineteenth-century notions of the Dark Continent or Conrad's 'Heart of Darkness.' Essential reading for scholars in U.S. foreign relations, and those interested in the historical roots of contemporary problems and challenges facing African countries.'—Kevin Gaines, author of African Americans in Ghana: Black Expatriates in the Civil Rights Era
'Essential reading for scholars in U.S. foreign relations, and those interested in the historical roots of contemporary problems and challenges facing African countries.'—Kevin Gaines
'A richly detailed picture of American policies, successes, and failures in Africa. . . . In a concluding chapter, Grubbs notes how little has changed in a half-century.'—Books & Culture
'. . . an excellent overview of the neo-colonial discourse influencing U.S. foreign aid policy toward Africa in the 1960s. Researchers, students, and practitioners in the fields of international development or African studies will surely benefit from reading this book. The book would also be an excellent addition to undergraduate courses in political science and history as well as numerous interdisciplinary programs (e.g. Cultural Studies, American Studies, etc.)'—American Studies Journal
Larry Grubbs is lecturer in history at Georgia State University.
