They Came to Toil
They Came to Toil
Newspaper Representations of Mexicans and Immigrants in the Great Depression
As the Great Depression gripped the United States in the early 1930s, the Hoover administration sought to preserve jobs for Anglo-Americans by targeting Mexicans, including long-time residents and even US citizens, for deportation. Mexicans comprised more than 46 percent of all people deported between 1930 and 1939, despite being only 1 percent of the US population. In all, about half a million people of Mexican descent were deported to Mexico, a “homeland” many of them had never seen, or returned voluntarily in fear of deportation.
They Came to Toil investigates how the news reporting of this episode in immigration history created frames for representing Mexicans and immigrants that persist to the present. Melita M. Garza sets the story in San Antonio, a city central to the formation of Mexican American identity, and contrasts how the city’s three daily newspapers covered the forced deportations of Mexicans. She shows that the Spanish-language La Prensa not surprisingly provided the fullest and most sympathetic coverage of immigration issues, while the locally owned San Antonio Express and the Hearst chain-owned San Antonio Light varied between supporting Mexican labor and demonizing it. Garza analyzes how these media narratives, particularly in the English-language press, contributed to the racial “othering” of Mexicans and Mexican Americans. Adding an important new chapter to the history of the Long Civil Rights Movement, They Came to Toil brings needed historical context to immigration issues that dominate today’s headlines.
Timely...the culmination of years of research on representations of Latino Americans in Texas.
[A] captivating study…They Came to Toil painstakingly demonstrates the role of the press in creating depictions of communities and thus shaping public memory.
[Garza's] book is accessible, devoid of jargon, expertly organized, and amply sourced. The photographs are a powerful visual representation of repatriation.
A well-researched microstudy that has as much to offer to students of history as it does to students of linguistics and journalism.
Garza unpacks the particularities of news framings, successfully connecting historical events with contemporary borderlands politics.
An illuminating study of how media shapes American identity.
Garza's insightful and detailed analysis deconstructs and reveals several important angles of newspaper media representations of people of color and marginalized communities…They Came to Toil is an important contribution to Mexican-American Studies, Latin American Studies, and Media and Journalism Studies disciplines.
A timely study...They Came to Toil is an impressive piece of scholarship that will benefit both historians and media scholars...Through her study, Garza reveals parallels between the Depression era and the past ten years of recordbreaking deportation numbers and increasingly visible nativism and white supremacy. While the book went to press only months after the election of Donald Trump, readers will now be better equipped to consider how media representations of border crossings, asylum seekers, and federal policy shape public discourse around people of Latinx descent and US policy.
[They Came to Toil's] detailed news coverage from different points of view, gives a clear picture of attitudes toward immigrants in the midst of an economic collapse, a picture that is repeated to some degree during every U.S. economic recession...The detail of this book is certainly of value for anyone studying the Great Depression, whether from historical, economic, sociological or political viewpoint.
A wonderful book. While this is not the first study of La Prensa’s regional and national significance, Garza offers a beautiful portrait of how, more than any other newspaper at the time, it documented the experiences of peoples of Mexican descent in the United States. I found this book quite readable and compelling.
A media historian and journalist, Melita M.Garza is a Pulitzer Prize nominee who has received awards from the Chicago Headline Club and the Society of American Business Editors and Writers. A former staff writer for Bloomberg news, the Chicago Tribune, Milwaukee Journal, and Los Angeles Times, she is currently an assistant professor of journalism at Texas Christian University’s Bob Schieffer College of Communication.
- Preface
- Acknowledgments
- Introduction. The Crisis: They Came to Toil . . . but They Could Not Stay
- 1. 1929: To Pave a Way through Hostile and Barren Lands
- 2. 1930: A Thousand Times Better Off with Mexican Labor
- 3. 1931: The Tragedy of the Repatriated
- 4. 1932–1933: A New Deal for American Pioneers
- 5. Conclusion and Epilogue
- Appendix
- Notes
- Bibliography
- Index
