Gender Violence in Peace and War

States of Complicity

Edited by Victoria Sanford, Katerina Stefatos, and Cecilia M. Salvi

SERIES: Genocide, Political Violence, Human Rights

Rutgers University Press

Reports from war zones often note the obscene victimization of women, who are frequently raped, tortured, beaten, and pressed into sexual servitude. Yet this reign of terror against women not only occurs during exceptional moments of social collapse, but during peacetime too. As this powerful book argues, violence against women should be understood as a systemic problem—one for which the state must be held accountable.

The twelve essays in Gender Violence in Peace and War present a continuum of cases where the state enables violence against women—from state-sponsored torture to lax prosecution of sexual assault. Some contributors uncover buried histories of state violence against women throughout the twentieth century, in locations as diverse as Ireland, Indonesia, and Guatemala. Others spotlight ongoing struggles to define the state’s role in preventing gendered violence, from domestic abuse policies in the Russian Federation to anti-trafficking laws in the United States.

Bringing together cutting-edge research from political science, history, gender studies, anthropology, and legal studies, this collection offers a comparative analysis of how the state facilitates, legitimates, and perpetuates gender violence worldwide. The contributors also offer vital insights into how states might adequately protect women’s rights in peacetime, as well as how to intervene when a state declares war on its female citizens.

This wide-ranging volume documents the complicity of states in gender violence, from state perpetration of strategic sexual violence in some conflict settings – in Greece, Guatemala, Iraq, among others – to the neglect by states worldwide of women’s security and other basic needs in both war and peace. Essential reading for scholars and practitioners alike. Elisabeth Jean Wood, Yale University

In this excellent book, the contributors consistently and compellingly question our assumptions about the state and gender violence in ways that will ground forthcoming scholarly conversations.' Irina Carlota (Lotti) Silber, City College of New York

VICTORIA SANFORD is professor and chair of anthropology, as well as director of the Center for Human Rights and Peace Studies at Lehman College, and doctoral faculty at the Graduate Center, City University of New York. She is the author of many books including Buried Secrets: Truth and Human Rights in Guatemala, and is the coeditor of Engaged Observer: Activism, Advocacy, and Anthropology.

KATERINA STEFATOS is an adjunct assistant professor at Lehman College (CUNY) and serves as the Hellenic Studies Program Coordinator at Columbia University in New York.

CECILIA SALVI is a doctoral student at The Graduate Center, CUNY.

Contents

Acknowledgements

Introduction

Part One: State Violence, Gender, and Resistance

1. Subaltern Bodies: Gender Violence, Sexual Torture, and Political Repression during the Greek Military Dictatorship (1967–1974)

Katerina Stefatos

2. Sexual Violence as a Weapon during the Guatemalan Genocide

Victoria Sanford, Sofia Duyos-Álvarez, and Kathleen Dill

3. Gender, Incarceration and Power Relations during the Irish Civil War (1922–1923)

Laura McAtackney

4. Resistance and Activism against State Violence in Chiapas, Mexico